[Verified Answer]: The American Cancer Society estimates for…

The American Cancer Society estimates for ovarian cancer in the United States for 2024 are: About 19,680 women will receive a new diagnosis of ovarian cancer. About 12,740 women will die from ovarian cancer. While the 11th most common cancer among women, ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death among women. Ovarian cancer is the deadliest of gynecologic cancers. Several studies have noted an increased risk of ovarian cancer among women of low parity, suggesting that pregnancy exerts a protective effect. By preventing pregnancy, hormonal contraceptives (HCs) might be expected to increase the risk of ovarian cancer. On the other hand, by simulating pregnancy through suppression of pituitary gonadotropin release and inhibition of ovulation, HC’s might be expected to protect against the subsequent development of ovarian cancer. Since approximately 16 million women in the U.S. currently use some method of HC, the public health impact of an association in either direction may be substantial. Back when the only hormonal methods were oral contraceptives (OCs), to study the relationship between OCs and ovarian cancer, the CDC planned and conducted the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study (CASH) in the 1980s. This was a case-control study. Case patients were enrolled through eight regional caner registries participating in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER}) program of the National Cancer Institute. Questions (a). As the investigators planned the CASH study as a case-control study, what types of bias would be of particular concern? What might complicate such a study if it was conducted today, and why? (b). The primary purpose of the CASH study was to measure and tests the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and three types of reproductive cancer: breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer. Enrollment of subjects began in December 1980. During the first ten months of the study 179 women with ovarian cancer were enrolled, as well as larger numbers of women with endometrial or breast cancer. of the women who had ovarian cancer, 93 had used OC’s . During the same period, 1872 controls were identified to equal the number of subjects with breast cancer. The same control group was used for the ovarian cancer analysis; however, the investigators excluded 226 women with no ovaries at the time of the interview and 4 controls whose OC use history was unknown, leaving 1642 women to serve as controls. Within the control group 959 women had used OC’s. Create a 2×2 table for this case-control study.