[Expert Solution]: The American Cancer Society estimates for…

The American Cancer Society estimates for ovarian cancer in the United States for 2024 are: About 19,680 women will receive a new diagnosis of ovarian cancer. About 12,740 women will die from ovarian cancer. While the 11th most common cancer among women, ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death among women. Ovarian cancer is the deadliest of gynecologic cancers. Several studies have noted an increased risk of ovarian cancer among women of low parity, suggesting that pregnancy exerts a protective effect. By preventing pregnancy, hormonal contraceptives (HCs) might be expected to increase the risk of ovarian cancer. On the other hand, by simulating pregnancy through suppression of pituitary gonadotropin release and inhibition of ovulation, HC’s might be expected to protect against the subsequent development of ovarian cancer. Since approximately 16 million women in the U.S. currently use some method of HC, the public health impact of an association in either direction may be substantial. Back when the only hormonal methods were oral contraceptives (OCs), to study the relationship between OCs and ovarian cancer, the CDC planned and conducted the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study (CASH) in the 1980s. This was a case-control study. Case patients were enrolled through eight regional caner registries participating in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER}) program of the National Cancer Institute. Questions (a). As the investigators planned the CASH study as a case-control study, 1. what types of bias would be of particular concern? 2.What might complicate such a study if it was conducted today, and why?